This paper explores the potential of cryogenic computing and superconducting electronics as promising alternatives to traditional semiconductor devices. As semiconductor devices face challenges such as increased leakage currents and reduced performance at higher temperatures, these novel technologies offer high performance and low power computation. Cryogenic computing operates at ultra-low temperatures near 77 K, leading to lower leakage currents and improved electron mobility. On the other hand, superconducting electronics, operating near 0 K, allow electrons to flow without resistance, offering the potential for ultra-low-power, high-speed computation. This study presents a comprehensive performance modeling and analysis of these technologies and provides insights into their potential benefits and limitations. We implement models of in-order and out-of-order cores operating at high clock frequencies associated with superconducting electronics and cryogenic computing in gem5. We evaluate the performance of these components using workloads representative of real-world applications like NPB, SPEC CPU2006, and GAPBS. Our results show the potential speedups achievable by these components and the limitations posed by cache bandwidth. This work provides valuable insights into the performance implications and design trade-offs associated with cryogenic and superconducting technologies, laying the foundation for future research in this field using gem5.

翻译：本文探讨了低温计算与超导电子学作为传统半导体器件有前景替代方案的潜力。随着半导体器件面临漏电流增加和高温下性能下降等挑战，这些新兴技术提供了高性能与低功耗的计算能力。低温计算在接近77K的超低温环境下运行，从而降低漏电流并提高电子迁移率。另一方面，超导电子学在接近0K的温度下工作，允许电子无电阻流动，为实现超低功耗高速计算提供了可能。本研究对这些技术进行了全面的性能建模与分析，并深入探讨了其潜在优势与局限。我们在gem5中实现了与超导电子学和低温计算相关的高时钟频率下运行的有序与乱序核心模型。通过使用代表实际应用的基准测试集（如NPB、SPEC CPU2006和GAPBS）评估这些组件的性能。实验结果表明了这些组件可能实现的加速效果以及缓存带宽带来的限制。这项工作为低温与超导技术相关的性能影响和设计权衡提供了重要见解，为未来基于gem5在该领域的研究奠定了基础。