Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is widely used in IoT systems because of its low power consumption, interoperability, and reliable bidirectional communication. However, its connection-oriented architecture introduces trade-offs among wake-up latency, throughput, and energy efficiency, limiting its suitability for burst-mode and on-demand sensing applications. Enhanced ShockBurst (ESB), a lightweight connectionless protocol supported by the same 2.4 GHz Nordic Semiconductor hardware, enables fast wake-up and efficient data transmission, but does not provide BLE-level robustness for sustained bidirectional communication. This work systematically benchmarks BLE and ESB on a unified Nordic nRF54L15 platform and proposes Enhanced-BLE, a hybrid framework that integrates the two protocols to extend conventional BLE operation. Experimental results show that ESB nearly halves packet transmission time and energy compared with BLE, doubles the achievable forward throughput, and reduces wake-up latency and energy by nearly twentyfold during intermittent operation. However, ESB reverse transmission may suffer packet loss, whereas BLE maintains reliable bidirectional communication. Enhanced-BLE addresses this trade-off through adaptive radio scheduling and coexistence-aware connection management, combining ESB-based high-throughput forward transmission with BLE-based reliable reverse communication. The framework enables BLE-to-ESB handover within approximately 18 ms and restores BLE operation within 49 ms from standby mode. Enhanced-BLE also achieves approximately twofold higher forward throughput than BLE while reducing wake-up latency. These results demonstrate a practical and hardware-compatible strategy for low-latency, high-throughput, energy-efficient, and reliable 2.4 GHz IoT communication.

翻译：蓝牙低功耗（BLE）凭借其低功耗、互操作性及可靠的双向通信能力，在物联网系统中得到广泛应用。然而，其面向连接的架构在唤醒延迟、吞吐量与能效之间引入权衡，限制了其在突发模式与按需传感应用中的适用性。增强型突发通信协议（ESB）作为一种基于同一2.4GHz Nordic半导体硬件的轻量级无连接协议，可实现快速唤醒与高效数据传输，但无法为持续性双向通信提供与BLE同等级别的稳健性。本研究在统一的Nordic nRF54L15平台上系统评估了BLE与ESB，并提出增强型BLE（Enhanced-BLE）这一融合两种协议的混合框架，以扩展传统BLE功能。实验结果表明：ESB相比BLE几乎将数据包传输时间与能耗减半，可实现的逆向吞吐量提升一倍，且在间歇性工作模式下将唤醒延迟与能耗降低近二十倍；然而ESB逆向传输可能发生数据包丢失，而BLE能维持可靠的双向通信。增强型BLE通过自适应无线电调度与共存感知连接管理解决这一权衡，将基于ESB的高吞吐正向传输与基于BLE的可靠逆向通信相结合。该框架可在约18毫秒内实现BLE至ESB的切换，并在49毫秒内从待机模式恢复BLE运行。增强型BLE相比BLE实现约两倍的正向吞吐量提升，同时降低唤醒延迟。这些成果为低延迟、高吞吐、高能效且可靠的2.4GHz物联网通信提供了一种实用且兼容硬件的策略。