This survey reviews the existing and envisioned security vulnerabilities and defense mechanisms relevant to Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) systems, with a focus on electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. Drawing from vulnerabilities in the avionics in commercial aviation and the automated unmanned aerial systems (UAS), the paper presents a taxonomy of attacks, analyzes mitigation strategies, and proposes a secure system architecture tailored to the future AAM ecosystem. The paper also highlights key threat vectors, including Global Positioning System (GPS) jamming/spoofing, ATC radio frequency misuse, attacks on TCAS and ADS-B, possible backdoor via Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), new vulnerabilities introduced by aircraft automation and connectivity, and risks from flight management system (FMS) software, database and cloud services. Finally, this paper describes emerging defense techniques against these attacks, and open technical problems to address toward better defense mechanisms.

翻译：本文综述了与先进空中交通系统相关的现有及潜在安全漏洞与防御机制，重点关注电动垂直起降航空器。借鉴商用航空电子设备与自动化无人航空系统的安全漏洞，本文提出了攻击分类体系，分析了缓解策略，并针对未来先进空中交通生态系统提出了一种定制化的安全系统架构。论文重点阐述了关键威胁向量，包括全球定位系统干扰/欺骗、空中交通管制无线电频率滥用、交通告警与防撞系统及广播式自动相关监视系统攻击、通过电子飞行包可能植入的后门、航空器自动化与互联性引入的新型漏洞，以及飞行管理系统软件、数据库与云服务风险。最后，本文描述了针对这些攻击的新兴防御技术，并提出了为构建更完善防御机制亟待解决的开放性技术难题。