The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic recession negatively affected many people's physical, social, and psychological health. Parks and green spaces may have ameliorated the negative effects of the pandemic by creating opportunities for outdoor recreation and nature exposure, while other public activities and gatherings were restricted due to the risk of disease transmission. Estimating the frequency of park visitations from aggregated mobility data of all the parks in Washington State (USA), we study trends in park use one year prior to and two years during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that the gravity model is a robust model for the park visitation behavior in different spatial resolutions of city level and state level and different socio-economical classes. Incorporating network structure, our detailed analysis highlights that high-income level residents changed their recreational behavior by visiting their local parks more and a broader recreational options outside of their local census area; whereas the low-income residents changed their visitation behavior by reducing their recreational choices.

翻译：COVID-19疫情及其引发的经济衰退对许多人的身体、社交和心理健康产生了负面影响。公园和绿地可能通过提供户外休闲和接触自然的机会来缓解疫情的负面影响，而其他公共活动和聚集则因疾病传播风险而受到限制。基于美国华盛顿州所有公园的聚合流动性数据估算公园访问频率，我们研究了疫情前一年及疫情期间两年内公园使用趋势。我们的研究结果表明，引力模型在不同空间分辨率（城市层面和州层面）以及不同社会经济阶层中均能稳健地刻画公园访问行为。结合网络结构分析，我们的详细分析强调：高收入居民通过更多地访问本地公园以及探索居住地人口普查区以外的更广泛休闲选择，改变了其休闲行为；而低收入居民则通过减少休闲选择改变了其访问行为。