Current dark pattern research tells designers what not to do, but how do they know what to do? In contrast to prior approaches that focus on patterns to avoid and their underlying principles, we present a framework grounded in positive expected behavior against which deviations can be judged. To articulate this expected behavior, we use concepts -- abstract units of functionality that compose applications. We define a design as dark when its concepts violate users' expectations, and benefit the application provider at the user's expense. Though user expectations can differ, users tend to develop common expectations as they encounter the same concepts across multiple applications, which we can record in a concept catalog as standard concepts. We evaluate our framework and concept catalog through three studies, illustrating their ability to describe existing dark patterns, evaluate nuanced designs, and document common application functionality.

翻译：当前的暗黑模式研究告诉设计师什么不该做，但他们如何知道该做什么？与先前侧重于规避模式及其潜在原则的研究方法不同，我们提出了一个以积极预期行为为基础的框架，任何偏离均可据此评判。为阐明这种预期行为，我们采用概念——构成应用程序的抽象功能单元。我们将设计定义为暗黑模式，当这些概念违反用户预期，且以牺牲用户利益为代价使应用提供商受益时。尽管用户预期可能因人而异，但当用户在多个应用中遇到相同概念时，往往会形成共同预期，这些共同预期可记录于概念目录中作为标准概念。我们通过三项研究评估了该框架与概念目录，展示了它们描述现有暗黑模式、评估细微设计以及记录常见应用功能的能力。