The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between operational design domains (ODD), automated driving SAE Levels, and Technology Readiness Level (TRL). The first highly automated vehicles, like robotaxis, are in commercial use, and the first vehicles with highway pilot systems have been delivered to private customers. It has emerged as a crucial issue that these automated driving systems differ significantly in their ODD and in their technical maturity. Consequently, any approach to compare these systems is difficult and requires a deep dive into defined ODDs, specifications, and technologies used. Therefore, this paper challenges current state-of-the-art taxonomies and develops a new and integrated taxonomy that can structure automated vehicle systems more efficiently. We use the well-known SAE Levels 0-5 as the "level of responsibility", and link and describe the ODD at an intermediate level of abstraction. Finally, a new maturity model is explicitly proposed to improve the comparability of automated vehicles and driving functions. This method is then used to analyze today's existing automated vehicle applications, which are structured into the new taxonomy and rated by the new maturity levels. Our results indicate that this new taxonomy and maturity level model will help to differentiate automated vehicle systems in discussions more clearly and to discover white fields more systematically and upfront, e.g. for research but also for regulatory purposes.

翻译：本文旨在探究运行设计域（ODD）、SAE自动驾驶等级与技术就绪度（TRL）之间的关系。首批高度自动化车辆（如无人驾驶出租车）已投入商业运营，配备高速公路驾驶系统的首批车辆也已交付个人用户。一个关键问题随之浮现：这些自动驾驶系统在ODD和技术成熟度方面存在显著差异。因此，任何比较这些系统的方法都需深入分析定义的ODD、规格参数及所用技术，难度较大。基于此，本文对现有最新分类法提出挑战，开发出一种全新的综合性分类法，以更高效地对自动驾驶系统进行结构化分类。我们采用广为人知的SAE 0-5级作为"责任等级"，并以适中的抽象层级关联并描述ODD。最后，我们明确提出了一种新的成熟度模型，旨在提升自动驾驶车辆及驾驶功能的可比性。随后，利用该方法对当前现有的自动驾驶应用进行分析，将其纳入新分类法体系，并按新成熟度等级进行评估。结果表明，这一新分类法与成熟度模型有助于在讨论中更清晰地区分自动驾驶系统，并更系统化地预先发现空白领域（例如用于研究及监管目的）。