The solar atmosphere shows anomalous variation in temperature, starting from the 5500 K photosphere to the million-degree Kelvin corona. The corona itself expands into the interstellar medium as the free streaming solar wind, which modulates and impacts the near-Earth space weather. The precise source regions of different structures in the solar wind, their formation height, and the heating of the solar atmosphere are inextricably linked and unsolved problems in astrophysics. Observations suggest correlations between Coronal holes (CHs), which are cool, intensity deficit structures in the solar corona, with structures in the solar wind. Observations also suggest the local plasma heating in the corona through power-law distributed impulsive events. In this thesis, we use narrowband photometric, spectroscopic, and disc-integrated emission of the solar atmosphere ranging from Near Ultraviolet to X-rays along with in-situ solar wind measurements to understand (i). the source regions of the solar wind, (ii). the underlying mechanism of solar coronal heating, and (iii). the differentiation in dynamics of CHs with the background Quiet Sun (QS) regions, which do not show any significant signature of the solar wind. We leverage machine learning and numerical modeling tools to develop solar wind forecasting codes using interpretable AI, inversion codes to infer the properties of impulsive events and to understand the differences in the thermodynamics of CHs and QS regions. We finally present a unified scenario of solar wind emergence and heating in the solar atmosphere and discuss the implications of inferences from this thesis.

翻译：太阳大气层呈现出反常的温度变化，从5500 K的光球层到百万度级别的日冕。日冕本身以自由流动的太阳风形式膨胀进入星际介质，这种太阳风调制并影响近地空间天气。太阳风中不同结构的精确源区、它们的形成高度以及太阳大气层的加热问题是天体物理学中相互关联且尚未解决的难题。观测表明，日冕中温度较低、强度不足的结构——冕洞（CHs）——与太阳风中的结构存在相关性。同时，观测还揭示日冕中通过幂律分布的瞬态事件实现局部等离子体加热。本论文利用太阳大气层从近紫外到X射线的窄带测光、光谱和盘积分辐射数据，结合原位太阳风测量，以理解：(i) 太阳风的源区；(ii) 太阳日冕加热的潜在机制；(iii) 冕洞与背景宁静太阳（QS）区域在动力学上的差异，后者未显示出显著的太阳风特征。我们利用机器学习和数值建模工具，开发了基于可解释人工智能的太阳风预报代码、用于推断瞬态事件特性的反演代码，并理解冕洞与宁静太阳区域在热力学上的区别。最后，我们提出了太阳风中涌现与太阳大气层加热的统一图景，并讨论了本论文推论的意义。