This study explores global citation diversity,examining its various patterns across countries and academic disciplines.We analyzed citation distributions in top institutes worldwide,revealing that the higher citation end of the distribution follow Power law or Pareto law pattern and the Pareto law's scaling exponent changes with the number of institutes considered.An entropy based novel citation inequality measure has been introduced, enhancing the precision of our analysis. Our findings show that countries with small and large economies often group similarly based on citation diversity, with shifting the groupings as the number of institutes considered changes.Moreover,we analyzed citation diversity among award-winning scientists across six scientific disciplines,finding significant variations.We also explored the evolution of citation diversity over the past century across multiple fields.A gender-based study in various disciplines highlights citation inequalities among male and female scientists.Our innovative citation diversity measure stands out as a vital tool for evaluating citation inequality,providing insights beyond what traditional citation counts can offer.This thorough analysis deepens our understanding of global scientific contributions and promotes a more equitable view of academic accomplishments.

翻译：本研究探讨全球引用多样性，分析其在不同国家和学科中的多种模式。我们分析了全球顶尖机构的引用分布，发现分布的高引用端遵循幂律或帕累托定律模式，且帕累托定律的标度指数随所考虑机构数量的变化而改变。我们引入了一种基于熵的新型引用不平等度量，提高了分析的精确性。研究结果表明，基于引用多样性，小型和大型经济体国家常呈现相似的分组，且分组随所考虑机构数量的变化而发生转移。此外，我们分析了六个科学学科中获奖科学家的引用多样性，发现了显著差异。我们还探讨了过去一个世纪多个领域中引用多样性的演变。一项基于性别的跨学科研究揭示了男性和女性科学家之间的引用不平等。我们创新的引用多样性度量作为一种评估引用不平等的重要工具脱颖而出，提供了传统引用计数无法提供的见解。这项深入分析加深了我们对全球科学贡献的理解，并促进了对学术成就更公平的认知。