Penetration testing refers to the process of simulating hacker attacks to evaluate the security of information systems . This study aims not only to clarify the theoretical foundations of penetration testing but also to explain and demonstrate the complete testing process, including how network system administrators may simulate attacks using various penetration testing methods. Methodologically, the paper outlines the five basic stages of a typical penetration test: intelligence gathering, vulnerability scanning, vulnerability exploitation, privilege escalation, and post-exploitation activities. In each phase, specific tools and techniques are examined in detail, along with practical guidance on their use. To enhance the practical relevance of the study, the paper also presents a real-life case study, illustrating how a complete penetration test is conducted in a real-world environment. Through this case, readers can gain insights into the detailed procedures and applied techniques, thereby deepening their understanding of the practical value of penetration testing. Finally, the paper summarizes the importance and necessity of penetration testing in securing information systems and maintaining network integrity, and it explores future trends and development directions for the field. Overall, the findings of this paper offer valuable references for both researchers and practitioners, contributing meaningfully to the improvement of penetration testing practices and the advancement of cybersecurity as a whole.

翻译：渗透测试是指通过模拟黑客攻击来评估信息系统安全性的过程。本研究不仅旨在阐明渗透测试的理论基础，还致力于解释和演示完整的测试流程，包括网络系统管理员如何运用多种渗透测试方法模拟攻击。在方法论层面，本文概述了典型渗透测试的五个基本阶段：情报收集、漏洞扫描、漏洞利用、权限提升和后渗透活动。每个阶段均详细考察了具体工具与技术，并提供了实际使用指导。为增强研究的实践相关性，本文还通过真实案例研究，展示了在实际环境中如何执行完整的渗透测试。通过该案例，读者能够深入了解具体操作流程与应用技术，从而深化对渗透测试实用价值的理解。最后，本文总结了渗透测试在保障信息系统安全和维护网络完整性方面的重要性与必要性，并探讨了该领域的未来趋势与发展方向。总体而言，本文的研究成果为学术界与从业者提供了有价值的参考，对改进渗透测试实践及推动网络安全整体发展具有实质性贡献。