Introduction. In this exploratory study, we proposed an experimental framework to investigate and model male/female differences in attitudes towards online privacy and anonymity among Israeli students. Our aim was to comparatively model men and women's online privacy attitudes, and to assess the online privacy gender gap. Method. Various factors related to the user's online privacy and anonymity were considered, such as awareness of anonymous threats made online, concern for protecting personal information on the Internet, online privacy self-efficacy, online privacy literacy and users' tendency to engage in privacy paradox behaviour, i.e., personal data disclosure despite the awareness of anonymity and privacy threats. Analysis. A user study was carried out among 169 Israeli academic students through a quantitative method using closed-ended questionnaires. The subjects' responses were analysed using standard statistical measures. We then proposed a summarized comparative model for the two sexes' online privacy behaviour. Results. We found that a digital gap still exists between men and women regarding technological knowledge and skills used to protect their identity and personal information on the Web. Interestingly, users' tendency to engage in privacy paradox behaviour was not higher among men despite their higher level of technological online privacy literacy compared to women. Conclusions. Women's relatively high online privacy self-efficacy level and their low awareness of technological threat do not match their relatively low technological online privacy literacy level. This leads to a lower ability to protect their identity and personal information as compared to men. We conclude that further steps should be taken to eliminate the inter-gender technological gap in online privacy and anonymity awareness and literacy.

翻译：引言。在本探索性研究中，我们提出一个实验框架，用于调查并建模以色列学生对网络隐私和匿名性态度的男女差异。我们的目标是分别对比建模男性和女性的网络隐私态度，并评估网络隐私的性别鸿沟。方法。我们考虑了与用户网络隐私和匿名性相关的多种因素，例如对匿名网络威胁的认知、对互联网个人信息保护的关注度、网络隐私自我效能感、网络隐私素养以及用户参与隐私悖论行为（即明知存在匿名性和隐私威胁仍披露个人数据）的倾向。分析。通过定量方法，采用封闭式问卷对169名以色列学术学生进行用户研究。使用标准统计测量分析受试者回答。随后我们提出了两性网络隐私行为的总结性对比模型。结果。研究发现，在保护网络身份和个人信息的技术知识与技能方面，男女之间仍存在数字鸿沟。有趣的是，尽管男性相较于女性拥有更高的技术性网络隐私素养，但他们参与隐私悖论行为的倾向并未更高。结论。女性相对较高的网络隐私自我效能水平及其对技术威胁的低认知，与其相对较低的技术性网络隐私素养水平不匹配。这导致她们相较于男性保护自身身份和个人信息的能力较低。我们认为，应采取进一步措施消除网络隐私和匿名性认知与素养方面的性别技术鸿沟。