Silent automation failures, where a system fails to detect a hazard without warning, pose a critical safety challenge for partially automated vehicles. While research has mostly focused on takeover requests, how to support a driver in silent failure remains underexplored. We conducted a multi-modal driving simulator study with 48 participants to investigate how different Prospective Situation Awareness Enhancement (PSAE) interfaces, delivered via augmented reality head-up display, affect takeover performance. By integrating behavioral, subjective psychological, and physiological data, our analysis suggests that situational awareness (SA) serves as an important moderating factor through which PSAE interfaces improve takeover performance. Further, we found that providing perceptual cues was most effective in enhancing SA, while communicating system intent was superior for building trust. Finally, we identified a potential correlate of SA in the neuroactivity. Overall, this paper contributes to understanding how transparency-oriented interfaces may support drivers and provides design insights into HMI design for silent failures.

翻译：静默自动化故障是指系统在未发出警告的情况下未能检测到危险，这对部分自动驾驶车辆构成严峻安全挑战。尽管现有研究主要关注接管请求，如何支持驾驶员应对静默故障仍鲜有探索。我们通过多模态驾驶模拟器实验（48名受试者），研究通过增强现实抬头显示传递的不同前瞻态势感知增强界面如何影响接管性能。通过整合行为学、主观心理学和生理学数据，我们的分析表明，态势感知是PSAE界面改善接管性能的重要调节因素。进一步发现，提供感知线索在增强态势感知方面最为有效，而传达系统意图则更有利于建立信任。最后，我们识别出神经活动与态势感知的潜在关联。总体而言，本文为理解透明度导向界面如何支持驾驶员做出贡献，并为静默故障的人机交互设计提供启示。