Given a source image of a clothed person (an image subject), AI-based nudification applications can produce nude (undressed) images of that person. Moreover, not only do such applications exist, but there is ample evidence of the use of such applications in the real world and without the consent of an image subject. Still, despite the growing awareness of the existence of such applications and their potential to violate the rights of image subjects and cause downstream harms, there has been no systematic study of the nudification application ecosystem across multiple applications. We conduct such a study here, focusing on 20 popular and easy-to-find nudification websites. We study the positioning of these web applications (e.g., finding that most sites explicitly target the nudification of women, not all people), the features that they advertise (e.g., ranging from undressing-in-place to the rendering of image subjects in sexual positions, as well as differing user-privacy options), and their underlying monetization infrastructure (e.g., credit cards and cryptocurrencies). We believe this work will empower future, data-informed conversations -- within the scientific, technical, and policy communities -- on how to better protect individuals' rights and minimize harm in the face of modern (and future) AI-based nudification applications. Content warning: This paper includes descriptions of web applications that can be used to create synthetic non-consensual explicit AI-created imagery (SNEACI). This paper also includes an artistic rendering of a user interface for such an application.

翻译：给定一张着衣人物的源图像（图像主体），基于人工智能的裸体化应用能够生成该人物的裸体（未着衣）图像。不仅如此，此类应用不仅存在，且有充分证据表明其在现实世界中被使用，且未经图像主体同意。然而，尽管人们日益认识到此类应用的存在及其侵犯图像主体权利并造成后续伤害的潜在可能，目前仍缺乏对跨多个应用的裸体化应用生态系统的系统性研究。我们在此开展这样一项研究，重点关注20个流行且易于找到的裸体化网站。我们研究了这些网络应用的定位（例如，发现大多数网站明确以女性而非所有人的裸体化为目标）、其宣传的功能（例如，从原地脱衣到将图像主体渲染为性姿势，以及不同的用户隐私选项）及其底层的货币化基础设施（例如，信用卡和加密货币）。我们相信这项工作将为未来在科学、技术和政策界内开展基于数据的对话提供支持，探讨如何更好地保护个人权利，并在面对现代（及未来）基于人工智能的裸体化应用时最大限度地减少伤害。内容警告：本文包含对可用于创建合成非自愿人工智能生成露骨图像（SNEACI）的网络应用的描述。本文还包含对此类应用用户界面的艺术化渲染。