Network-based systems are inherently interconnected, with the design and performance of subnetworks being interdependent. However, the decisions of self-interested operators may lead to suboptimal outcomes for users and the overall system. This paper explores cooperative mechanisms that can simultaneously benefit both operators and users. We address this challenge using a game-theoretical framework that integrates both non-cooperative and cooperative game theory. In the non-cooperative stage, we propose a network design game in which subnetwork decision-makers strategically design local infrastructures. In the cooperative stage, co-investment with payoff-sharing mechanism is developed to enlarge collective benefits and fairly distribute them. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework, we conduct case studies on the Sioux Falls network and real-world public transport networks in Zurich and Winterthur, Switzerland. Our evaluation considers impacts on environmental sustainability, social welfare, and economic efficiency. The proposed framework provides a foundation for improving interdependent networked systems by enabling strategic cooperation among self-interested operators.

翻译：基于网络的系统本质上是相互关联的，子网络的设计与性能相互依存。然而，自利运营商的决策可能导致用户及整体系统获得次优结果。本文探讨能同时使运营商和用户受益的合作机制。我们通过一个整合非合作博弈论与合作博弈论的博弈理论框架应对这一挑战。在非合作阶段，我们提出一种网络设计博弈，其中子网络决策者策略性地设计本地基础设施。在合作阶段，我们开发了基于收益共享机制的合作投资，以扩大集体收益并公平分配。为验证框架的有效性，我们对苏福尔斯网络以及瑞士苏黎世和温特图尔的现实公共交通网络进行了案例研究。我们的评估考虑了其对环境可持续性、社会福利及经济效益的影响。所提出的框架通过促进自利运营商之间的策略性合作，为改进相互依存的网络化系统奠定了基础。